Chris Granatino, a librarian at Seattle University, noted that while ChatGPT can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate citations, in most cases those citations are not real or largely incorrect. Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at Tilburg University, found that a ChatGPT-generated peer review report on his article mentioned nonexistent studies. In January 2023, Science “completely banned” LLM-generated text in all its journals; however, this policy was just to give the community time to decide what acceptable use looks like. Some, including Nature and JAMA Network, “require that authors disclose the use of text-generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-author”. This includes text-to-image models such as Stable Diffusion and large language models such as ChatGPT.
Computer security
It was capable of autonomously performing tasks through web browser interactions, including filling forms, placing online orders, scheduling appointments, and other browser-based tasks. At launch, OpenAI included more than 3 million GPTs created by GPT Builder users in the GPT Store. The integration used ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversations with users.
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To build a safety system against harmful content (e.g., sexual abuse, violence, racism, sexism), OpenAI used outsourced chicken road game Kenyan workers earning around $1.32 to $2 per hour to label such content. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers acted as both the user and the AI assistant. The fine-tuning process involved supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). These issues have led to its use being restricted in some workplaces and educational institutions and have prompted widespread calls for the regulation of artificial intelligence.
OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to further train and fine-tune its services. ChatGPT is based on GPT foundation models that have been fine-tuned for conversational assistance. It currently uses GPT-5.1, a generative pre-trained transformer (GPT), to generate text, speech, and images in response to user prompts. The attorneys were sanctioned for filing the motion and presenting the fictitious legal decisions ChatGPT generated as authentic. ChatGPT shows inconsistent responses, lack of specificity, lack of control over patient data, and a limited ability to take additional context (such as regional variations) into consideration.
- Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) is a large language model developed by OpenAI and the fourth in its series of GPT foundation models.
- The dangers are that “meaningless content and writing thereby becomes part of our culture, particularly on social media, which we nonetheless try to understand or fit into our existing cultural horizon.”
- GPT-4, which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via API and for premium ChatGPT users.
- The laborers were exposed to toxic and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as “torture”.
- A 2025 Sentio University survey of 499 LLM users with self-reported mental health conditions found that 96.2% use ChatGPT, with 48.7% using it specifically for mental health support or therapy-related purposes.
GPT Store
In September 2025, following the suicide of a 16-year-old, OpenAI said it planned to add restrictions for users under 18, including the blocking of graphic sexual content and the prevention of flirtatious talk. In August 2024, OpenAI announced it had created a text watermarking method but did not release it for public use, saying that users would go to a competitor without watermarking if it publicly released its watermarking tool. ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI and released in November 2022. The ChatGPT-generated avatar told the people, “Dear friends, it is an honor for me to stand here and preach to you as the first artificial intelligence at this year’s convention of Protestants in Germany”.
In December 2022, the question-and-answer website Stack Overflow banned the use of ChatGPT for generating answers to questions, citing the factually ambiguous nature of its responses. It found that 52% of the responses contained inaccuracies and 77% were verbose. One study analyzed ChatGPT’s responses to 517 questions about software engineering or computer programming posed on Stack Overflow for correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision. ChatGPT has been used to generate introductory sections and abstracts for scientific articles.
Financial markets
The FTC asked OpenAI for comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well https://chickenroadapp.in/ as any steps taken to prevent the recurrence of situations in which its chatbot generated false and derogatory content about people. ChatGPT has never been publicly available in China because OpenAI prevented Chinese users from accessing their site. Kevin Roose of The New York Times called it “the best artificial intelligence chatbot ever released to the general public”.
As before, OpenAI has not disclosed technical details such as the exact number of parameters or the composition of its training dataset. According to OpenAI, it features reduced hallucinations and enhanced pattern recognition, creativity, and user interaction. Released in February 2025, GPT-4.5 was described by Altman as a “giant, expensive model”.
Mental health
… It’s also a way to understand the “hallucinations”, or nonsensical answers to factual questions, to which large language models such as ChatGPT are all too prone. In one instance, ChatGPT generated a rap in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to white male scientists. The reward model of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as Goodhart’s law.
These include, among many others, writing and debugging computer programs, composing music, scripts, fairy tales, and essays, answering questions (sometimes at a level exceeding that of an average human test-taker), and generating business concepts. ChatGPT’s training data includes software manual pages, information about internet phenomena such as bulletin board systems, multiple programming languages, and the text of Wikipedia. Users can upvote or downvote responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in a text field with additional feedback. The laborers were exposed to toxic and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as “torture”.
- These rankings were used to create “reward models” that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of proximal policy optimization.
- In October 2025, OpenAI reported that approximately 0.15% of ChatGPT’s active users in a given week have conversations including explicit indicators of potential suicidal planning or intent, translating to more than a million people weekly.
- The fine-tuning process involved supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF).
It can generate plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers known as hallucinations. Despite its acclaim, the chatbot has been criticized for its limitations and potential for unethical use. At the same time, its release prompted extensive media coverage and public debate about the nature of creativity and the future of knowledge work.
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In late March 2023, the Italian data protection authority banned ChatGPT in Italy and opened an investigation. Stanford researchers reported that GPT-4 “passes a rigorous Turing test, diverging from average human behavior chiefly to be more cooperative.” In December 2023, ChatGPT became the first non-human to be included in Nature’s 10, an annual listicle curated by Nature of people considered to have made significant impact in science. A 2023 study reported that GPT-4 obtained a better score than 99% of humans on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. The company announced a slew of generative AI-powered features to counter OpenAI and Microsoft.
Andrew Ng argued that “it’s a mistake to fall for the doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested interests.” Yann LeCun dismissed doomsday warnings of AI-powered misinformation and existential threats to the human race. Juergen Schmidhuber said that in 95% of cases, AI research is about making “human lives longer and healthier and easier.” He added that while AI can be used by bad actors, it “can also be used against the bad actors”. A May 2023 statement by hundreds of AI scientists, AI industry leaders, and other public figures demanded that “mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority”.
Agents
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. In October 2025, OpenAI reported that approximately 0.15% of ChatGPT’s active users in a given week have conversations including explicit indicators of potential suicidal planning or intent, translating to more than a million people weekly. In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and a browsing mode (with Internet access).
The term “hallucination” as applied to LLMs is distinct from its meaning in psychology, and the phenomenon in chatbots is more similar to confabulation or bullshitting. These limitations may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including descriptors of people. ChatGPT’s training data only covers a period up to the cut-off date, so it lacks knowledge of recent events. OpenAI acknowledged that there have been “instances where our 4o model fell short in recognizing signs of delusion or emotional dependency”, and reported that it is working to improve safety. The user can interrupt tasks or provide additional instructions as needed.
ChatGPT can find more up-to-date information by searching the web, but this doesn’t ensure that responses are accurate, as it may access unreliable or misleading websites. A 2025 Sentio University survey of 499 LLM users with self-reported mental health conditions found that 96.2% use ChatGPT, with 48.7% using it specifically for mental health support or therapy-related purposes. At launch, the feature was limited to purchases on Etsy from US users with a payment method linked to their OpenAI account.
In July 2025, OpenAI released ChatGPT agent, an AI agent that can perform multi-step tasks. According to TechCrunch, it is a service based on o3 that combines advanced reasoning and web search capabilities to make comprehensive reports within 5 to 30 minutes. This tool allows a user to customize ChatGPT’s behavior for a specific use case. ChatGPT’s Mandarin Chinese abilities were lauded, but the ability of the AI to produce content in Mandarin Chinese in a Taiwanese accent was found to be “less than ideal” due to differences between mainland Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Mandarin. None of the tested services were a perfect replacement for a fluent human translator. In December 2023, the Albanian government decided to use ChatGPT for the rapid translation of European Union documents and the analysis of required changes needed for Albania’s accession to the EU.